The multiverse theories appeared in
cosmology over half a century ago, but they have proliferated and spread
starting at the eighties, together with the discovery of the fine tuning
problem, the verification that the universe appears to have been designed to
make life and our existence possible: many of the physical parameters we
consider independent adopt quite critical values, so that very small
differences in those values would make the universe hostile to life.
The fine tuning problem has three possible
solutions:
·
The universe has been designed by a creator.
·
Our existence is the result of a huge, incredible
chance.
·
There are many universes and we are located in that
one which is compatible with our existence (the multiverse hypothesis).
What is the multiverse? It comes from the assumption that maybe our
universe is not unique, but one among many (very many) universes, which may be
similar or quite different.
The problem is, there is not a single multiverse theory, but at least
six, the result of different theoretical assumptions, but incompatible with one
another.
1. The multiverse
in the universe. Our universe could be much larger than the observable universe,
the part that we can see, which ends at the cosmic microwave background
radiation. If the cosmological
principle were not applicable to the whole universe, regions very distant
from us, totally invisible for us could exist with very different properties.
Those regions would work as distinct universes, though sharing with us the same
global space and time.
2. The inflationary
universe. According to a well-known hypothesis, our universe
would have gone, almost at its beginning, through an accelerated inflation
phase which would very soon have stopped. Perhaps we are inside a bubble, in a
much larger space where inflation never stopped, except for other bubbles. Each
bubble would be a universe similar to ours, with different physical properties
and laws.
3. The multiverse of M theory. According to string theory (an
unconfirmed physical theory) our universe would have 10 dimensions (9 in space
and one in time), six of which would be undetectable. Different universes could
co-exist in an additional dimension. Each would have different value of
fundamental constants and physical laws, giving rise to a large number of very
similar or quite different universes.
4. The Smolin
selective multiverse, where each black hole in a universe would
become the Big Bang of a new universe.
5. Whe quantum multiverse in time, proposed by Hugh Everett iii. According to his interpretation of quantum mechanics,
whenever there is a collapse of a property of a particle (for instance, its
spin), the universe splits in two, differing only in the result of that
collapse. As there is a huge number of particles, and every fraction of a
second there are many collapses, by now there would be a huge number of copies
of our universe, with slightly different histories. Every possible history
would have happened in one of these universes.
6. Tegmark’s mathematical multiverse,
the largest one, which proposes that every coherent mathematical structure is a
universe which really exists.
Rather than
reliable physics, all this looks like science-fiction, right? In fact, I think
that the first appearance of the multiverse, long before its scientific
counterparts, was Clifford Simak’s novel, Cosmic
engineers (1950), which develops a short story by the same author
published in 1939.
In my next
post I will explain why the multiverse theories are not incompatible with God’s
existence and, in any case, do not solve the fine tuning problem.
Manuel Alfonseca
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