A planet, or a satellite?

ESO/M Kornmesser

On July 23, the journal Nature published an article announcing the discovery of what it called an “exosatellite,” although in my opinion, this is a wordplay with the meaning of the word satellite. Let's look at the concepts involved:

·         In our solar system, there is a central star, the Sun, around which eight planets, several smaller planets, and many thousands of asteroids and comets revolve. In addition, almost all the planets have satellites, much smaller than the planets. The largest in proportion to its planet is the Moon, whose mass is 81 times less than that of Earth. There are four satellites larger than the Moon: three of Jupiter (Ganymede, Callisto, and Io) and one of Saturn (Titan). Many exoplanets have been discovered in systems of this type.

Ontological proof of God’s existence

Elizabeth Anscombe 

In 1078, Saint Anselm of Canterbury proposed a proof of God’s existence in his work Proslogion, which has given rise to various versions that attempted to improve it (usually without success) and to attempts to demolish it. Even today, it continues to provoke the attention of philosophers and corrections to its translation. This is Saint Anselm's argument, originally written in Latin, as it is usually translated:

i.      That than which nothing greater can be conceived at any rate exists in the mind of the fool who says there is no such thing.

ii.   If that than which nothing greater can be conceived is only in a mind, it can be thought to exist in reality too, which is greater.

iii. Therefore if that than which nothing greater can be conceived is only in a mind, it is not that than which nothing greater can be conceived.

iv.  But it is a contradiction to say that something than which nothing greater can be conceived is something than which a greater can be conceived.

v.    Therefore that than which nothing greater can be conceived exists in reality as well as in the mind.

The Origin of the Universe and the Immortality of the Soul

Aristotle

The philosophical and scientific works of Aristotle were lost to Western Europe for centuries and were rediscovered through Arabic translations. Their rediscovery gave rise to a Western European philosophical movement, Scholasticism, with such prominent figures as Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Jean Buridan, Albert of Saxony, Nicholas Oresme, Gregory of Rimini, and many others.

I will recall here a curious debate that took place among the Scholastics between the 12th and 14th centuries, which may seem pointless to us today, but which was quite important in its time. For those who wish to learn all the details of the debate, I recommend Pierre Duhem's book, Le Système du Monde, volume VII.

The debate originated from the detection of an incompatibility between two statements due to Aristotle:

Time and Motion

Pierre Duhem

Time and motion are intimately related, because there can be no motion without time. In fact, Aristotle understood it the other way around, thinking that if there were no motion, there would be no time. He defined time in terms of motion, as the number of changes in terms of before and after. And the basic motion, upon which all others depend, would be the rotation of the sphere of the fixed stars.

·         Saint Augustine, in his Confessions, dedicated Book XI to the philosophical study of time. He rejects Aristotle's theory, denying that time depends on the existence of motion, and doubts that time exists outside our minds, although his famous quote reveals his uncertainty about time: What is time? If no one asks me, I know; if I want to explain it to a questioner, I don’t know.

AI failures and successes

In previous posts, I've mentioned several cases where AI tools (such as LLMs) failed to answer my questions. To balance things out, this time I'm going to talk about two failures and one success.

The problem I posed was the following: There was a quote I wanted to use in one of my book reviews, but I wasn't sure of the exact words or the author, although I suspected it might be by C.S. Lewis. As I remembered, the quote was:

Every decade in England and every year in the United States, someone says to have discovered what Shakespeare really meant.

Hypothetical science and dark matter

Bullet Cluster, hot gas in pink, dark matter in blue

In several previous posts in this blog, I have pointed out that physicists and cosmologists frequently forget the real world and construct theories based on speculations not based on concrete data, observations, or experiments, but only in their imagination. Let’s look at a few examples:

·         Is physics losing touch with reality? In this post, published in 2017, I used as examples the various theories about multiverses, the theory of everything, and some ideas that would make it possible to build a time machine (in principle, but hardly in practice).

·         Is physics: science or literature? In this post, published in 2018, I referred to Freeman Dyson's procedure for extracting energy from stars and the idea that an advanced civilization could resist the accelerated expansion of the universe.

·         Pathological science, wishful science, or ironic science? This post, published in 2023, points out eleven cases of scientific research without experimental basis.

The dark side of AI

Those companies that market Large Language Models (LLMs), such as OpenAI (ChatGPT and GPT-4), Google (GEMINI), Meta (Llama), Anthropic (Claude), and Deepseek, establish controls to prevent their tools from being used for nefarious purposes, such as assisting a young person in committing suicide, providing instructions for building Molotov cocktails or atomic bombs, helping to design viruses potentially usable in biological warfare, or teaching how to manufacture dangerous drugs.

The problem is that these controls are fallible, as demonstrated by cybersecurity expert Dave Kuszmar, who published a summary of his research in an article that appeared in the IEEE's Spectrum magazine in August 2026. Their fallibility makes them dangerous, but the companies in question seem to ignore the dangers and remain silent when they are brought to their attention.

Kuszmar has developed at least seven procedures to bypass the controls of commercial LLMs and obtain dangerous information. The first two were these: